Wall Thickness – Steel Pipe (Liquid) Wall thickness for steel pipe is calculated using an algebraic altered version of Barlow’s Equation. The wall thickness for steel pipe is determined in accordance with the following formula: P = Design pressure(psi) gage.S = yield strength(psi) determined in accordance with 192.107.D = Nominal…
Surge Analysis – Water Hammer These equations are primarily used for calculating pressure drops and flow rates. However, a modified Reynolds number must be used. When calculating flow rate or internal pipe diameter, a modified Reynolds number must be calculated first using the up or down stream calculations to run…
Darcy – Weisbach Pressure Drop Per Mile Darcy-Weisbach equations are valid for steady state flow. The friction factor – λ -depends on the flow, (laminar, transient, turbulent, Reynolds number) and the internal roughness of the pipe. The friction coefficient can be calculated by the Colebrook-White equation. Limitations of this calculation…
Shell/MIT These equations are primarily used for calculating pressure drops and flow rates. However, a modified Reynolds number must be used. When calculating flow rate or internal pipe diameter, a modified Reynolds number must be calculated first using the up or down stream calculations to run these calculations. No internal…
A.R. Aude This equation is accurate for Reynolds numbers in a range of Re: – 6,000 to 130,000 for 8″ and 12″ crude oil lines. – over 57,000 for 6″ and 8″ refined product lines. This equation is limited to certain range of products and Reynolds numbers. In addition, no…
Heltzel One of the oldest equations is which is still being used for Reynolds values in the range of Re = 4,000 to 57,600. This equation is limited to laminar flow only. Other limitations include velocity changes and larger diameters. Flow Rate Upstream Pressure Downstream Pressure …
Hazen – Williams Used for primarily water lines associated with production facilities. Limited to Reynolds numbers in the range of Re = 4,000 to 1,000000. Its chief drawback is that the Hazen-Williams coefficient is largely an experience factor which also depends on the viscosity of the product flowing. Flow Rate…
Colebrook – White This equation is recommended for use by those unfamiliar with pipeline flow equations, since it will produce the greatest consistency of accuracy over the widest possible range of variables. This equation is limited for use when the Reynolds number exceeds 4000. Friction factor is solved using Newton-Raphson…
Darcy – Weisbach Darcy-Weisbach equations are valid for steady state flow. The friction factor – λ -depends on the flow, (laminar, transient, turbulent, Reynolds number) and the internal roughness of the pipe. The friction coefficient can be calculated by the Colebrook-White equation. Limitations of this calculation depend on the flow…
Hydraulics – Liquid Introduction The Pipeline Toolbox is home to many tools and calculators. The PLTB User’s Guide presents information, guidelines, and procedures for use during design and operations tasks for field or office applications. Pipeline Hydraulic Fundamentals For Fluids flowing in a pipeline between two points (A and B),…