Pipeline Testing Introduction The Pipeline Toolbox is home to many tools and calculators. The PLTB User’s Guide presents information, guidelines and procedures for use during design, construction, operations and integrity tasks for field or office applications. Pressure testing is an industry-accepted method for validating the integrity of pipelines. This integrity…
AGA 3 – Volume Flow Rate Calculation – Method II Orifice Flow Equation The accepted one-dimensional equation for mass flow through a concentric, square edged orifice meter is stated in the Equations below. The derivation is based on conservation of mass and energy, one-dimensional fluid dynamics, and empirical functions such…
AGA 3 – Volume Flow Rate Calculation – Method I Orifice Flow Equation The accepted one-dimensional equation for mass flow through a concentric, square edged orifice meter is stated in the Equations below. The derivation is based on conservation of mass and energy, one-dimensional fluid dynamics, and empirical functions such…
Pipeline Regulators & Meters Introduction The Pipeline Toolbox is home to many tools and calculators. The PLTB User’s Guide presents information, guidelines and procedures for use during design, construction, operations and integrity tasks for field or office applications. In the pipeline industry many components are used for everyday operation such as…
API 1117 – Movement of In-Service Pipeline Total Longitudinal Stress The total longitudinal stress in the pipe can be estimated with the following equation: 𝑆𝐿 = 𝑆𝐸 + 𝑆𝐵 + 𝑆𝑆 Where: 𝑆𝐿 = Total Longitudinal Stress in the Pipe [psi] 𝑆𝐸 = Existing Longitudinal Stress in the Pipe [psi] 𝑆𝐵 = Longitudinal Stress in the…
Pipeline Miscellaneous Introduction The Pipeline Toolbox is home to many tools and calculators. The PLTB User’s Guide presents information, guidelines and procedures for use during operations and integrity tasks for field or office applications. This recommended practice applies to onshore steel pipelines. Moving in-service pipelines can be a safe, cost…
Reinforcement of Welded Branch Connection One of the first methods of providing branch connections was to stub a branch line into a run. Sometimes a pad would also be used to reinforce the connections. The figure below shows a header with pad-reinforced branch connections. Although tees and extrusions have generally…
Relief Valve: Reactive Force This calculation determines the force at the point of discharge of a pressure relieving device. API 520 indicates that the equation is for elbow and vertical exhaust pipe. where 𝐹 − Reactive force at the point of discharge to the atmosphere(lbf) 𝑊 − Flow of gas(lbm/hr) 𝑀 − Molecular…
Relief Valve Sizing For Gas or Vapor Critical Flow BehaviorIf a compressible gas is expanded across a nozzle, an orifice, or the end of a pipe, its velocity and specific volume increase with decreasing downstream pressure. For a given set of upstream conditions (using the example of a nozzle), the…
Pipeline Facilities Introduction The Pipeline Toolbox is home to many tools and calculators. The PLTB User’s Guide presents information, guidelines and procedures for use during design, and construction tasks for field or office applications. In today’s competitive and changing environment, it is crucial that pipelines and associated facilities create and…